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Withania somnifera Dunal. (Fam. Solanaceae) |
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 English Name |
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Latin Name |
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Withania somnifera Dunal. (Fam. Solanaceae) |
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Hindi Name |
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Sanskrit Name |
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Ashvagandha, Hayagandha, Vajigandha |
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History |
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In Ayurveda, Asvagandha, which means "smelling like a horse or mare" in Sanskrit, was used as an aphrodisiac and geriatric tonic and treatment of rheumatism, cough, consumption, etc. The Greek physician Theophrastus, described this plant, which was recorded in the Arabic 'Kaknaj-el-manoum'. Rheede called it 'peVetti' and stated that a vulnerary ointment was prepared from the leaves. In the late 1880s, Dr. Trebut investigated its reputation for hypnotic properties. P.L. Simmonds stated that the plant was used at the Civil Hospital, Alger, as a sedative and hypnotic. |
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Habitat |
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It consists of dried mature roots of Withania somnifera Dunal. (Fam. Solanaceae), a perennial shrub, found in waste land, cultivated field and open grounds throughout India, widely cultivated in certain areas of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan , roots collected in winter, washed and cut into short pieces.
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Morphology
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a) Macroscopic
Roots straight, unbranched, thickness varying with age. roots bear fibre-like secondary roots, outer surface buff to grey-yellow with longitudinal wrinkles, crown consists of 2-6 remains of stem base, stem bases variously thickened, nodes prominent only on the side from where petiole arises, cylindrical, green with longitudinal wrinkles, fracture, short and uneven, odour, characteristic, taste, bitter and acrid.
b) Microscopic
Transverse section of root shows cork exfoliated or crushed, when present isodiamatric and non-lignified, cork cambium of 2-4 diffused rows of cells, secondary cortex about twenty layers of compact parenchymatous cells, phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, cambium 4-5 rows of tangentially elongated cells, secondary xylem hard forming a closed vascular ring separated by multiseriate medullary rays, a few xylem parenchyma
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Principal Constituents Pharmacology
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Biochemically heterogeneous alkaloids including cuscohygrine, anahygrine, tropine, pseudotropine, anaferine. The plant has steroidal lactones - withanolides, withaferin, which are estrogenic compounds. |
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Toxicology
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Indications
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Aswagandha is used in asthma and as a uterine sedative. The total alkaloids showed relaxant and antispasmodic effects against several spasmogens on intestinal, uterine, bronchial, tracheal and blood-vascular muscles. |
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Clinical Test
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